Macrozamia diplomera - Revision history

Pacsoa at 12:40, 23 November 2024

2024-11-23T12:40:38Z

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	[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera19.jpg\|frame\|Figure 16. ''M. diplomera'' in habitat]]		[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera19.jpg\|frame\|Figure 16. ''M. diplomera'' habitat]]
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Pacsoa at 12:39, 23 November 2024

2024-11-23T12:39:22Z

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	''M. diplomera''		''M. diplomera''
	grows in the Pilliga in north-western New South Wales in an area centred around Coonabarabran and extending northward towards Barradine and eastward towards Gunnedah. (For information concerning the Pilliga refer to article on		grows in the Pilliga in north-western New South Wales in an area centred around Coonabarabran and extending northward towards Barradine and eastward towards Gunnedah. (For information concerning the Pilliga refer to article on
	''[Macrozamia glaucophylla]'').		''[[Macrozamia glaucophylla]]'').

	===Habitat Conditions:===		===Habitat Conditions:===
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	===Climatic Data:===		===Climatic Data:===
	Coonabarabran (elevation - 509 metres) has an annual average rainfall of 735 mm (spread over 80 rain days) with winter minimum and summer maximum daily temperatures, reached at least once per week during July and January, of -3.6°C. and 35.9°C. respectively. Frosts occur on an average of 76 days per year.		Coonabarabran (elevation - 509 metres) has an annual average rainfall of 735 mm (spread over 80 rain days) with winter minimum and summer maximum daily temperatures, reached at least once per week during July and January, of -3.6°C. and 35.9°C. respectively. Frosts occur on an average of 76 days per year.
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	===Rainfall Patterns:===		===Rainfall Patterns:===
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	</li><li>pale yellow coloured callouses at the point where the pinnae join the rhachis, though the callouses can sometimes be either orange or reddish coloured		</li><li>pale yellow coloured callouses at the point where the pinnae join the rhachis, though the callouses can sometimes be either orange or reddish coloured
	</li><li>seeds with either red or yellow coloured flesh.		</li><li>seeds with either red or yellow coloured flesh.
			<br/>

	===Fronds:===		===Fronds:===
	The number of fronds per plant varies significantly, with the norm being in the 10 to 20 range, with some plants having as few as 5 fronds and others as many as 30+. The fronds range up to a maximum length of approximately 110 to 120 cm.		The number of fronds per plant varies significantly, with the norm being in the 10 to 20 range, with some plants having as few as 5 fronds and others as many as 30+. The fronds range up to a maximum length of approximately 110 to 120 cm.

	===Pinnae:===		===Pinnae:===
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	''M. diplomera''		''M. diplomera''
	appears to hybridise		appears to hybridise
	naturally with ''[Macrozamia polymorpha]''		naturally with ''[[Macrozamia polymorpha]]''
	in areas where the two species grow in		in areas where the two species grow in
	close proximity to each other.		close proximity to each other.
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	the seeds during their lengthy daily travels.		the seeds during their lengthy daily travels.
	If the above premise is correct, it is conceivable that the hybridization of		If the above premise is correct, it is conceivable that the hybridization of
	''[Macrozamia polymorpha]''		''[[Macrozamia polymorpha]]''
	and ''[Macrozamia glaucophylla]]''		and ''[[Macrozamia glaucophylla]]''
	may occur in other parts of the Pilliga.		may occur in other parts of the Pilliga.

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	by its numerous obliquely erect leaves that give the crown the appearance of a shuttlecock.		by its numerous obliquely erect leaves that give the crown the appearance of a shuttlecock.
	This species, not		This species, not
	''[Macrozamia heteromera]''		''[[Macrozamia heteromera]]''
	as suggested by some writers, was responsible for		as suggested by some writers, was responsible for
	a stock poisoning episode near Coonabarabran in 1929, in which approximately		a stock poisoning episode near Coonabarabran in 1929, in which approximately
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	''M. diplomera''		''M. diplomera''
	is closely allied in size and general appearance		is closely allied in size and general appearance
	to ''[Macrozamia reducta]''		to ''[[Macrozamia reducta]]''
	plants which grow in the Newcastle-Cessnock area.		plants which grow in the Newcastle-Cessnock area.
	Identification of the two species is, however, relatively simple as		Identification of the two species is, however, relatively simple as
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	''M. diplomera''		''M. diplomera''
	is readily distinguishable from other New South Wales species		is readily distinguishable from other New South Wales species
	with predominantly divided pinnae (''[Macrozamia glaucophylla]'', ''[Macrozamia heteromera]''		with predominantly divided pinnae (''[[Macrozamia glaucophylla]]'', ''[[Macrozamia heteromera]]''
	and ''[Macrozamia stenomera]'')		and ''[[Macrozamia stenomera]]'')
	because of its size and number of fronds, its initially upright and straight rhachis and		because of its size and number of fronds, its initially upright and straight rhachis and
	its pinnae which extend horizontally in a flat plane from the rhachis.		its pinnae which extend horizontally in a flat plane from the rhachis.
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	<p>		<p>
	[[Category:Macrozamia\|diplomera]]		[[Category:Macrozamia\|diplomera]]
	[[Category:Cycad\|Macrozamia_diplomera]]		[[Category:Cycad\|Macrozamia_diplomera]]

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P>Pacsoa at 22:16, 1 October 2024

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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera.jpg|frame|Figure 1. ''M. diplomera''leaf detail.]]
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===Introduction:===
''Macrozamia diplomera'' is a medium sized (Section ''Macrozamia'') cycad that is endemic to New South Wales. It has a subterranean caudex and normally has fronds with divided (bifurcated) pinnae.

===History:===
''M. diplomera''
is the only cycad with divided pinnae
that is classified within the Section ''Macrozamia''
group of cycads.
All other New South Wales cycads with divided pinnae
are classified within the Section ''Parazamia''
group.
It is named after its pinnae, which are normally twice divided.

===Distribution Range:===
''M. diplomera''
grows in the Pilliga in north-western New South Wales in an area centred around Coonabarabran and extending northward towards Barradine and eastward towards Gunnedah. (For information concerning the Pilliga refer to article on
''[Macrozamia glaucophylla]'').

===Habitat Conditions:===
''M. diplomera''
grows in deep sandy soil in dry, flat, and generally inhospitable country, (see Figure 10) in a pattern of extensive stands of scattered individual plants; though, occasionally, it forms thickly populated localised stands (see Figure 9).
It usually grows under a eucalyptus canopy, with ''Callitris''
sp. (Australian Cypress pine) being present in some areas.

===Climatic Data:===
Coonabarabran (elevation - 509 metres) has an annual average rainfall of 735 mm (spread over 80 rain days) with winter minimum and summer maximum daily temperatures, reached at least once per week during July and January, of -3.6°C. and 35.9°C. respectively. Frosts occur on an average of 76 days per year.

===Rainfall Patterns:===
One-third of the annual average rainfall at Coonabarabran falls in summer, with the balance of the rainfall being spread evenly (on a seasonal basis) over the rest of the year. The seasonal rainfall pattern is as follows: Summer: 32%, Autumn: 23%, Winter: 22% and Spring: 23%.

===Plants:===
If any enthusiasts familiar with
''[Macrozamia reducta]''
were to see a stand of ''M. diplomera''
for the first time their initial impression
would probably be that they were viewing a stand of ''M. reducta''
plants,
though a distinct colour variation from the dark green fronds of ''[Macrozamia reducta]''
plants to a much lighter pale green would be evident. A reappraisal of
the initial identification would quickly follow when a closer inspection of
plants in the stand revealed fronds with divided pinnae, thereby eliminating
any possibility of identification as ''M. reducta''.
In dealing with cycads, however, one quickly forms the conclusion that
the only consistent factor about cycads is their inconsistency. This is certainly true with
''M. diplomera'', as a detailed examination of plants within
the habitat range will indicate fronds with three distinct and different types of pinnae.
These differing pinnae characteristics, which can often be found in various combinations
on the fronds on individual plants in the one stand, are as follows:
(a) those fronds with predominantly divided pinnae (the most commonly occurring type),
(b) those fronds with predominantly entire pinnae, and
(c) those fronds with a mixture of entire and divided pinnae.
Additionally, plants with varying pinnae characteristics can be found growing immediately adjacent
to each other, even though the plants can be virtually identical in size and number of fronds.

===Principal Characteristics:===
The principal characteristics of ''M. diplomera'' are as follows:

</li><li>an untwisted rhachis
</li><li>pinnae which can be either divided or entire
</li><li>pinnae which normally divide very close to the rhachis (usually within 1 cm of the rhachis)
</li><li>pinnae which are angled forward (at an angle of about 40 degrees to the rhachis) and which extend horizontally in a flat plane from the rhachis
</li><li>lower pinnae which are gradually reduced in size and which tend to sweep forward from the rhachis at a very acute angle
</li><li>pale green coloured initially erect fronds, which become dull with age
</li><li>pale yellow coloured callouses at the point where the pinnae join the rhachis, though the callouses can sometimes be either orange or reddish coloured
</li><li>seeds with either red or yellow coloured flesh.
===Fronds:===
The number of fronds per plant varies significantly, with the norm being in the 10 to 20 range, with some plants having as few as 5 fronds and others as many as 30+. The fronds range up to a maximum length of approximately 110 to 120 cm.

===Pinnae:===
The bifurcation of the pinnae is normally a simple division into two segments, which we refer to as sub-leaflets for the purpose of clarity, while the spread of the sub-leaflets ranges from those which are almost parallel to each other, to those which are angled, with the angle of divergence ranging from narrow to wide.
Infrequently, the pinnae division can vary from the normal division into two sub-leaflets to a double division into four sub-leaflets.
There is also an intermediate stage in which the pinnae divide into two segments, with the first segment again dividing (into two sub-leaflets) but with the other segment remaining entire thus creating, in effect, three sub-leaflets.
Very rarely, the pinnae division can result in five sub-leaflets being formed.
The division of the pinnae into sub-leaflets has the effect of creating a crowded look on the fronds as the sub-leaflets tend to overlap each other. On those fronds with predominantly divided pinnae, the division of the pinnae usually ceases towards the apex of the frond with the last few pinnae normally being entire.

===Cones:===
The coning cycle of ''M. diplomera''
is very erratic. We have only seen one large scale coning at the various locations which we observed over a 10 year period.
Cones are usually solitary, but plants with multiple male or multiple female cones are not uncommon. Seeds can have either red or yellow coloured flesh.

===Seedlings:===
In general terms, ''M. diplomera''
seedlings are small and secund
and appear to resemble Section ''Parazamia''
seedlings, more so than a Section ''Macrozamia''
seedling.
They are extremely slow growing.

===Hybrids:===
''M. diplomera''
appears to hybridise
naturally with ''[Macrozamia polymorpha]''
in areas where the two species grow in
close proximity to each other.
One possible, and feasible, explanation for this mingling of species is that seeds of
''M. diplomera''
and ''M. polymorpha''
have been dispersed by emus,
which are thought to be attracted to the brightly coloured flesh on
''Macrozamia''
seeds, as evidenced by our sighting of fleshless cycad seeds
in animal (emu?) droppings in a stand of ''M. diplomera''
plants.
The above conclusion is supported by the personal observations of a lifelong resident of
the Pilliga who commented that emus are regarded as being responsible for spreading seeds
of Native Peach trees (''Santalum acuminatum''
), commonly known as Quandong trees.
Emus swallow the entire reddish coloured Quandong fruit and subsequently excrete
the seeds during their lengthy daily travels.
If the above premise is correct, it is conceivable that the hybridization of
''[Macrozamia polymorpha]''
and ''[Macrozamia glaucophylla]]''
may occur in other parts of the Pilliga.

===Comment:===
One peculiar characteristic of
''M. diplomera''
is that some plants
have a 1.2/1.5 metre long whip-cord like tap root, extending straight down from
the base of the caudex into the sandy soil in which they grow, quite possibly as
a means of drawing extra moisture from the sub-layers of the soil.
Although ''M. diplomera''
normally has an unbranched subterranean caudex,
we have seen one plant which was growing in a road-grader formed earth bank
on the side of a dirt road which had 3 separate heads (of fronds) at ground level
and two underground suckers with emerging fronds. The fronds on this plant
(which had obviously been damaged in a road grading operation)
were substantially smaller than normal fronds.
It is also interesting to note the comment by David Jones in Cycads of the World
(Second Edition) that:
''Macrozamia diplomera''
is a distinctive species readily distinguishable
by its numerous obliquely erect leaves that give the crown the appearance of a shuttlecock.
This species, not
''[Macrozamia heteromera]''
as suggested by some writers, was responsible for
a stock poisoning episode near Coonabarabran in 1929, in which approximately
2,200 sheep died, reportedly as a result of eating seeds from disintegrating cones
(though some observers now believe that the poisoning may have been caused by
sheep eating fronds on the plants, during a period of drought).

===Affinities:===
On an affinity basis,
''M. diplomera''
is closely allied in size and general appearance
to ''[Macrozamia reducta]''
plants which grow in the Newcastle-Cessnock area.
Identification of the two species is, however, relatively simple as
''M. reducta''
has entire pinnae, whereas
''M. diplomera''
normally has divided pinnae.
''M. diplomera''
is readily distinguishable from other New South Wales species
with predominantly divided pinnae (''[Macrozamia glaucophylla]'', ''[Macrozamia heteromera]''
and ''[Macrozamia stenomera]'')
because of its size and number of fronds, its initially upright and straight rhachis and
its pinnae which extend horizontally in a flat plane from the rhachis.
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera02.jpg|frame|Figure 2. ''M. diplomera'' leaf detail.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera03.jpg|frame|Figure 3. ''M. diplomera''in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera09.jpg|frame|Figure 4. ''M. diplomera''pinnae.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera13.jpg|frame|Figure 5. ''M. diplomera'' pinnae]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera14.jpg|frame|Figure 6. ''M. diplomera'' pinnae]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera04.jpg|frame|Figure 7. ''M. diplomera''in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera05.jpg|frame|Figure 8. ''M. diplomera''in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera07.jpg|frame|Figure 9. ''M. diplomera''female cones.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera08.jpg|frame|Figure 10. ''M. diplomera''female cones.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera10.jpg|frame|Figure 11. ''M. diplomera''with several cones.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera18.jpg|frame|Figure 12. ''M. diplomera'' with 3 male cones]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera16.jpg|frame|Figure 13. ''M. diplomera'' with 4 male cones]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera17.jpg|frame|Figure 14. 3 plants of ''M. diplomera'' each with 3 with male cones.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera11.jpg|frame|Figure 15. ''M. diplomera'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_diplomera19.jpg|frame|Figure 16. ''M. diplomera'' in habitat]]
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===Contributed by: ===
Craig Thompson and Paul Kennedy (Text and all Figures)<br/>
(Note: This is a revised version of an article written by Paul Kennedy that appeared in
Issue No. 55 of '''Principes minor''' in March 1992).<br/>

===External Links:===
[https://www.cycadlist.org/taxon.php?Taxon_ID=384 World List],
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/41999/0 IUCN],
[https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Macrozamia+diplomera JSTOR],
[https://www.trebrown.com/plant_info.php?species=Macrozamia+diplomera Trebrown]
</p>
[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Macrozamia+diplomera%22&num=10&sa=Google+Search Google],
[https://images.google.com/images?q=%22Macrozamia+diplomera%22&hl=en&btnG=Google+Search GoogleImages],
[https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Macrozamia+diplomera Flickr],
<p>
[[Category:Macrozamia|diplomera]]
[[Category:Cycad|Macrozamia_diplomera]]