Editing Macrozamia montana

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[[File:Macrozamia_montana07.jpg|frame|Figure 1. ''M. montana'', in habitat, with short emergent trunk.]]
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===Introduction:===
''Macrozamia montana'' is a medium to large (Section Macrozamia) cycad that is endemic to New South Wales. It normally has a subterranean caudex, though it sometimes produces a short emergent trunk.

===History:===
''M. montana'' was described and named in 1998 by Ken Hill, when it was recognised as a separate and distinct species. It was named after its characteristic of growing in mountainous country, usually on the sides of steep ridges or slopes. It had previously been identified under the
''M. communis'' umbrella.

===Distribution Range:===
''M. montana'' grows in north-eastern New South Wales in an area between the southern parts of the Manning River Valley and the northern parts of the adjoining Macleay River Valley.
''M. montana'' can be found growing in the Mt George region in the far south of its distribution range and in areas adjoining parts of the Kempsey-Armidale Road in the far north of its distribution range.

===Habitat Conditions:===
''M. montana'' grows under a eucalypt canopy, in wet sclerophyll forests on well-drained soils. In the Mt George area it grows at an altitude of approximately 200 metres, whereas in the far north of its distribution range it grows at elevations sometimes exceeding 750 metres.
In the Mt George area it grows in large numbers and plants can often be seen, adjacent to public roads, on hilly areas at the top of steep man-made roadside banks. Access is therefore somewhat restricted, and is exacerbated because such areas are often heavily weed infested, especially by the noxious (introduced) weed,
''Lantana camara''.

===Climatic Data:===
As there is no Weather Bureau Station in close proximity to the stands in the Macleay River Valley, we have used climate details for Armidale as a guide to those populations. Climate details for Taree have been used as a guide to the Manning River Valley populations.

Armidale, which is located on the Great Dividing Range, with an elevation 980 m, has an annual average rainfall of 791 mm (spread over 81 rain days), with the maximum temperature rarely exceeding 35&#176;C, but falling below 0&#176;C on an average of 34 days annually. Long term records indicate that the highest maximum temperature recorded in Armidale was 36.5&#176;C, while the lowest minimum temperature was -9.3&#176;C.
According to an Internet report titled "Snow in Armidale" (updated 20 November 2007), snow falls at Armidale on an average of two days per year (down from three days in the early 1960"s), while the annual average number of frosts was reported as having risen from 91 (in 1981) to 100.
On the other hand, Taree (elevation 18 m at the Weather Bureau Station) sits astride the Manning River, not far from the ocean. Taree has an annual average rainfall of 1177 mm (spread over 113 rain days) with the temperature exceeding 35&#176;C on an average of 3 days per year and falling below 0&#176;C on an average of 10 days per year. Temperature records for the past 39 years indicate that the highest temperature recorded at Taree was 45.3&#176;C in 2004 and the lowest temperature recorded was -5.0&#176;C in 1970. Mt George is situated approximately 30 km west of Taree.

===Principal Characteristics:===
The principal characteristics of ''M. montana'' are:

</li><li>young fronds that are initially a bright green colour, but which change to a glossy dark green when they mature
</li><li>fronds that are initially obliquely erect, but which tend to arch with age
</li><li>an untwisted rhachis
</li><li>entire and sharply-tipped pinnae which are angled forward (at an angle of 45-60 degrees to the rhachis) and which extend in a horizontal plane from the rhachis
</li><li>short, broad petioles, ranging from 6-15 cm in length
</li><li>pinnae which gradually reduce in size and become spine-like towards the lower sections of the rhachis
</li><li>elongated sporophyll-spines on female cones
</li><li>whitish callouses where the pinnae meet the rhachis
</li><li>seeds with reddish coloured flesh.
 

===Fronds:===
''M. montana'' plants can have up to a maximum of 70 fronds. The fronds grow up to, and sometimes in excess of, two metres in length. We have sighted fronds measuring up to 2.4 m in the
Mt George area.

===Petioles:===
As opposed to ''M. communis'' (which has petioles that range from 10-40 cm in length),
''M. montana'' has shorter and broader petioles (ranging from 6-15 cm in length), with numerous size-reducing spine-like pinnae, that extend progressively down the rhachis, sometimes almost to the point at which the petiole emerges from crown of the plant.

===Peduncles:===
As they mature, female cones of ''M. montana'' appear to have a propensity to move from an almost perpendicular position to an almost horizontal position, sometimes resting on the ground. The cause of this trait is possibly due to a combination of the weight of the cone, coupled with an unusually long peduncle (cone stalk), which can range up to a length of 24 cm.

===Cones:===
Female plants normally have either one or two cones, ranging up to 28 cm in length and 16 cm in diameter. Individual sporophylls are slightly longer and wider than those on ''M. communis'' cones. The sporophyll-spines on female cones are elongated. Mature female cones are sometimes found in a procumbent position. Male plants can have up to 4 cones.
One interesting observation concerning female cones on most Macrozamia species is that marsupial animals start to remove and eat the flesh off seeds as soon as the cones commence to disintegrate " whereas on ''M. montana'' they sometimes remove the sporophylls from the basal section of the cones (that have not commenced to disintegrate) and then eat the flesh off the exposed parts of the seeds.

===Hybrids:===
''M. montana'' is geographically isolated from other Macrozamia species and hybrids are non-existent in the wild.

===Comment:===
As is the case with ''M. communis'', there appears to be a north-south size differential between ''M. montana'' plants, insofar as plants in the far south of its distribution range are generally more robust than plants in the northern sections of its distribution range.

===Affinities:===
''M. montana'' is very closely related to ''M. communis'', from which it was segregated; though this relationship is more applicable to the larger ''M. communis'' plants that grow on the New South Wales south coast, as opposed to the generally smaller plants that grow north of Newcastle.
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana05.jpg|frame|Figure 2. ''M. montana'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana12.jpg|frame|Figure 3. ''M. montana'' - close up of second female cone, on plant in Figure 5.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana04.jpg|frame|Figure 4. ''M. montana'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana10.jpg|frame|Figure 5. ''M. montana'' - female plant, in habitat, with 2 cones.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana08.jpg|frame|Figure 6. ''M. montana'' - male plant, in habitat, in cone.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana17.jpg|frame|Figure 7. ''M. montana'' - close up of size-reducing spine-like pinnae,at the base of a frond.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana09.jpg|frame|Figure 8. ''M. montana'' - close up of 4 male cones on plant in Figure 6.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana11.jpg|frame|Figure 9. ''M. montana'' - close up of female cone, on plant in Figure 5.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana13.jpg|frame|Figure 10. ''M. montana'' - further close up of detached female cone.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana15.jpg|frame|Figure 11. ''M. montana'' - female cone with 24 cm peduncle.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana14.jpg|frame|Figure 12. ''M. montana'' - further close up of second detached female cone.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana16.jpg|frame|Figure 13. ''M. montana'' - female cone, in habitat,with flesh removed from seeds at the base of the cone.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana02.jpg|frame|Figure 14. ''M. montana'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana06.jpg|frame|Figure 15. ''M. montana'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana03.jpg|frame|Figure 16. ''M. montana'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_montana18.jpg|frame|Figure 17. ''M. montana'' in habitat, showing the density of plants.]]
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===Contributed by: ===
Paul Kennedy and Craig Thompson (Text and Figures 1-17)<br/>


===External Links:===
[https://www.cycadlist.org/taxon.php?Taxon_ID=405 World List], 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/42013/0 IUCN],
[https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Macrozamia+montana JSTOR],
[https://www.trebrown.com/plant_info.php?species=Macrozamia+montana Trebrown]
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[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Macrozamia+montana%22&amp;num=10&amp;sa=Google+Search Google],
[https://images.google.com/images?q=%22Macrozamia+montana%22&amp;hl=en&amp;btnG=Google+Search GoogleImages],
[https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Macrozamia+montana Flickr],
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[[Category:Macrozamia|montana]]
[[Category:Cycad|Macrozamia_montana]]