Editing Macrozamia flexuosa

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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa.jpg|frame|Figure 1. ''M. flexuosa'' in habitat.]]
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===Introduction: ===
''Macrozamia flexuosa''
is a small (Section Parazamia) cycad that is endemic to New South Wales.
It has a subterranean caudex and multi-twisted rachises.

===History: ===
Following a revision of
L A S Johnsons 1959 separation of
''[[Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi]]''
into 3 sub-species, ''M. flexuosa''
(previously ''M. pauli-guilielmi''
ssp. ''flexuosa'')
was recognized as a separate and distinct species by David Jones in 1991.
It is named after its multi-twisted rachis, on the basis that it is sinuous, like a coiled snake.

===Distribution Range: ===
''M. flexuosa''
has a distribution range
which is centred around the Hunter Valley and extends to
the southern sections of the mid-North Coast.
''M. flexuosa''
can be found growing in the Cessnock region on flat,
poor quality clay-based soil, under a eucalypt canopy with a
thick, bushy ''Bursaria sp.''
understorey.

===Climatic Data: ===
Cessnock (elevation 62 metres)
has an annual average rainfall of 769 mm (spread over 102 rain days)
with winter minimum and summer maximum temperatures
(reached at least once per week in July and January) of -0.4 and 36.1&#176;C. respectively.
Frosts occur on an average of 28 days per year.
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===Rainfall Patterns: ===
Over 60% of
the annual rainfall at Cessnock falls during summer and autumn.
The percentage seasonal rainfall pattern is as follows: Summer: 34%,
Autumn: 28%, Winter: 15% and Spring: 23%.
 
===Principal Characteristics: ===
The principal characteristics of ''M. flexuosa''
are:

</li><li>a more or less straight/erect rachis, despite turning through multiple spiral twists
</li><li>mid green coloured fronds which reach an average length of 60-80 cm,
ranging up to a maximum length of approximately 1 metre

in comparison with an average frond length of 60-80 cm

</li><li>yellowish callouses at the base of the pinnae, though new fronds on some plants
have pinkish-red pinnae callouses



===Plants: ===
''M. flexuosa'' normally has an unbranched subterranean caudex and grows under a eucalypt canopy in a
pattern of large stands of numerous scattered individual plants and,
occasionally, small groups of plants.
 
===Fronds: ===
''M. flexuosa''
normally has
an average of 4-6 fronds, ranging up to a maximum of 12-14 fronds.
Plants with 1-3 fronds are not uncommon. The fronds normally have a long, round petiole.
The fronds on ''M. flexuosa''
change from an initially light green as the fronds emerge,
to a mid-green colour as the fronds mature.
One unusual feature of ''M. flexuosa''
, is that new fronds on some plants have
reddish-brown coloured petioles and rachises, compared with
the normal greenish coloured petioles and rachises. With age, however,
the reddish-brown petioles and rachises change colour to a normal mid-green colour.
Likewise, some new fronds have pinkish-red callouses at the bases of the pinnae.
With age, however, these callouses change from a pinkish-red colour to a creamy-white colour.
The rachises on ''M. flexuosa''
normally twist through 2-6 complete
360 degree revolutions, with the average number of twists usually numbering 3-4.

===Pinnae: ===
In similar manner to other species
with multi-twisted rachises, the pinnae on
''[[Macrozamia plurinervia]]''
fronds appear to extend radially from the rachis
(like the branches of a tree) but, in fact, the rachis itself spirally twists
through a number of complete 360 degree revolutions.
Because of the spiral twisting of the rachis, the pinnae normally extend in
various directions from the rachis and ultimately form the basis of a
frond structure with a more or less spirally ascending spread of pinnae.
The pinnae are normally angled slightly forward (from the rhachis), with
the apical pinnae often being inclined at a more acute angle to the rhachis.
The angle between the rhachis and the median pinnae is usually about 45-50 degrees.

===Cones: ===
Female cones are usually solitary,
though plants with two cones are not uncommon. Male plants can have up to 3 cones.
Coning occurs on an irregular basis, though probably more frequently
than most of the inland ''Macrozamia''
species.

===Comment: ===
''M. flexuosa''
is reasonably common in the Newcastle area and is recorded as
growing alongside and hybridising with
''[[Macrozamia reducta]]''
(previously part of the
''[[Macrozamia communis]]''
complex) in coastal suburbs of Newcastle.
Further inland, near Cessnock, a large stand of ''M. reducta''
can be found growing between two disjunct stands of ''M. flexuosa''
with some obvious hybrids being evident.
In one of the above locations, a large stand of ''M. flexuosa''
can be found growing in and around the town rubbish dump.
This is not a unique situation as it also occurs with stands
of both ''M. communis''
and
''[[Macrozamia spiralis]]''.

===Affinities: ===
On an affinity basis,
in respect of New South Wales cycads, ''M. flexuosa''
is related to
''[[Macrozamia concinna]]'',
''[[Macrozamia fawcettii]]''
and ''M. plurinervia'',
the other species with multi-twisted rachises.
Both ''M. fawcettii''
and
''[[Macrozamia plurinervia]]''
are larger and more robust
than ''M. flexuosa''; specifically they have broader petioles and rachises,
and, also, broader pinnae, than ''M. flexuosa''.
On the other hand ''M. concinna''
is smaller than ''M. flexuosa''.
On balance, ''M. flexuosa''
has a closer relationship to
''[[Macrozamia concinna]]'',
than to either
''[[Macrozamia fawcettii]]''
or ''[[Macrozamia plurinervia]]'', even though ''M. concinna''
was,
in effect, segregated from ''[[Macrozamia plurinervia]]''.

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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa02.jpg|frame|Figure 2. ''M. flexuosa''in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa04.jpg|frame|Figure 3. ''M. flexuosa''looking down on frond.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa03.jpg|frame|Figure 4. ''M. flexuosa''female cone.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa06.jpg|frame|Figure 5. ''M. flexuosa'' frond detail.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa08.jpg|frame|Figure 6. ''M. flexuosa'' detached frond.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa09.jpg|frame|Figure 7. ''M. flexuosa''in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa10.jpg|frame|Figure 8. ''M. flexuosa'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa11.jpg|frame|Figure 9. ''M. flexuosa'']]
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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa13.jpg|frame|Figure 10. ''M. flexuosa'']]
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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa14.jpg|frame|Figure 11. ''M. flexuosa'' looking down.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_flexuosa12.jpg|frame|Figure 12. ''M. flexuosa'']]
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===Contributed by:===
Craig Thompson and Paul Kennedy (Text & Figures1-12)<br/>


===External Links:===
[https://www.cycadlist.org/taxon.php?Taxon_ID=390 World List], 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/41955/0 IUCN],
[https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Macrozamia+flexuosa JSTOR],
[https://www.trebrown.com/plant_info.php?species=Macrozamia+flexuosa Trebrown]
</p>
[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Macrozamia+flexuosa%22&amp;num=10&amp;sa=Google+Search Google],
[https://images.google.com/images?q=%22Macrozamia+flexuosa%22&amp;hl=en&amp;btnG=Google+Search GoogleImages],
[https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Macrozamia+flexuosa Flickr],
<p>
[[Category:Macrozamia|flexuosa]]
[[Category:Cycad|Macrozamia_flexuosa]]